Where will your biology degree from Missouri S&T take you?
What will you do with your degree in biological sciences from Missouri S&T? Explore a few of the many career options available to biologists below, categorized by degree requirements.
Careers that Require a Bachelor's Degree
- Research Assistant
- Park Ranger
- Biology Teacher
- Health Communications Specialist
- Environmental Technician
- Clinical Research Coordinator
- Food Safety Specialist
- Pharmaceutical or Medical Sales Representative
- Forensic Science Technician
- Animal Care Specialist
Research Assistant
Research Assistant
Where They Work
Research assistants or technicians work in laboratories at universities or medical schools, at private research institutes, at companies that specialize in biology-, biotechnology-, or medically-related products, or at government research or analytical labs. These positions exist in almost every state, and, although more opportunities exist near larger cities, some research assistants live and work in smaller communities.
What They Do
Research assistants help scientists, professors, or researchers with their work. They gather information, organize it, and help analyze the data. This can include tasks like doing experiments, reading articles, or writing reports. They may also help with things like scheduling meetings or keeping files in order. Research Assistants work closely with a main researcher and are an important part of the team.
Salary
Average salary for a research assistant can range from $40,000 to $55,000 per year, depending upon the employer and the location. In general, research assistants working for companies have salaries at the higher end of the salary range.
Park Ranger
Park Ranger
Where They Work
Park rangers work in local, state, and national parks, as well as wildlife preserves and recreation areas. They may be based in remote outdoor settings, popular tourist destinations, or urban green spaces. While many jobs are concentrated in regions with large public lands, opportunities exist across the United States.
What They Do
Park rangers help protect natural resources and ensure that visitors can enjoy them safely. Their responsibilities can include leading educational programs, maintaining trails and facilities, monitoring wildlife, enforcing park rules, and assisting with conservation projects. Depending on the park, rangers may focus more on law enforcement, environmental education, or resource management.
Salary
Average salaries for park rangers range from $35,000 to $55,000 per year, depending on experience, location, and whether the position is with a local, state, or federal agency. Federal jobs with the National Park Service often come with more opportunities for advancement and higher salaries, while state and local positions may offer more community-focused work.
Biology Teacher
Biology Teacher
Where They Work
Biology teachers work in middle schools, high schools, and sometimes in specialized programs such as magnet or STEM academies. They are employed in both public and private schools across the country, with opportunities in nearly every community — from large cities to rural areas. Some also work in educational outreach programs, museums, or tutoring centers.
What They Do
Biology teachers help students understand the living world, from cells and genetics to ecosystems and evolution. They prepare lessons, lead classroom discussions, set up laboratory experiments, and assess student learning through assignments and exams. Beyond teaching science content, they inspire curiosity, guide students in scientific thinking, and may sponsor extracurricular activities such as science clubs or field trips.
Salary
The average salary for a biology teacher ranges from $45,000 to $65,000 per year, depending on location, years of experience, and level of education. Teachers in larger school districts or with advanced degrees may earn more, and many receive additional benefits such as retirement plans and summers off.
Health Communications Specialist
Health Communications Specialist
Where They Work
Health communications specialists work for government agencies (such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), hospitals, nonprofit organizations, universities, or private companies. They may also be employed by media outlets or consulting firms that focus on health messaging. These positions are often based in larger cities, though opportunities also exist in regional health systems and community organizations.
What They Do
Health communications specialists help create and share clear, accurate information about health topics. They design educational campaigns, write brochures and web content, prepare press releases, and manage social media. Their work often involves translating complex medical or scientific information into language the public can understand. They may also evaluate how well health messages reach different audiences and adjust strategies for greater impact.
Salary
Average salaries for health communications specialists range from $50,000 to $70,000 per year, depending on location, experience, and employer. Positions with federal agencies or large healthcare organizations often fall at the higher end of this range, while nonprofit roles may offer lower pay but meaningful mission-driven work.
Environmental Technician
Environmental Technician
Where They Work
Environmental technicians work for government agencies, environmental consulting firms, private companies, and nonprofit organizations. They may be based in laboratories, in the field collecting samples, or at industrial sites monitoring compliance with environmental regulations. Opportunities exist nationwide, but are especially common near manufacturing centers, natural resource areas, and larger cities.
What They Do
Environmental technicians help scientists and engineers monitor the environment and address pollution. Their duties include collecting soil, water, or air samples; conducting laboratory tests; inspecting facilities for compliance; and recording data for reports. They may also assist with cleanup projects, environmental audits, or public health studies. This role combines fieldwork with lab and office responsibilities, making it varied and hands-on.
Salary
The average salary for an environmental technician ranges from $40,000 to $55,000 per year, depending on location, experience, and employer. Technicians working for federal or state agencies, or in specialized industries, may earn at the higher end of the range.
Clinical Research Coordinator
Clinical Research Coordinator
Where They Work
Clinical research coordinators work in hospitals, medical schools, private research institutions, pharmaceutical companies, and clinics that conduct clinical trials. They are often based in larger cities where research centers are located, though opportunities also exist in community hospitals and regional health systems.
What They Do
Clinical research coordinators manage the day-to-day activities of clinical trials. They help recruit and screen participants, obtain informed consent, schedule study visits, and collect and record data. They ensure the study follows ethical guidelines and regulatory requirements, and they serve as a key point of communication between the research team, study participants, and sponsoring organizations. Their role is critical for advancing new treatments and therapies.
Salary
The average salary for a clinical research coordinator ranges from $50,000 to $70,000 per year, depending on the size of the research program, employer type, and location. Coordinators at major hospitals or pharmaceutical companies often earn at the higher end of the scale, while those at smaller institutions may earn less but gain broad hands-on experience.
Food Safety Specialist
Food Safety Specialist
Where They Work
Food safety specialists work for government agencies such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as state health departments, food production companies, grocery chains, and research or testing laboratories. Many are based near major food processing centers, but opportunities exist across the country wherever food is produced, packaged, and sold.
What They Do
Food safety specialists help protect public health by ensuring that food products are safe to eat. They inspect food processing facilities, monitor sanitation practices, and test samples for contaminants like bacteria or chemicals. They may also develop safety policies, conduct audits, train employees in proper handling procedures, and investigate outbreaks of foodborne illness. Their work plays a key role in preventing disease and maintaining consumer trust.
Salary
The average salary for a food safety specialist ranges from $45,000 to $65,000 per year, depending on location, employer, and level of responsibility. Those working in government or large corporations often earn more, while nonprofit or smaller business roles may fall toward the lower end of the range.
Pharmaceutical or Medical Sales Representative
Pharmaceutical or Medical Sales Representative
Where They Work
Pharmaceutical and medical sales representatives work for drug companies, biotechnology firms, or manufacturers of medical devices and supplies. Their jobs often require travel within a region to visit doctors’ offices, hospitals, and clinics. While many positions are based in large cities or near healthcare hubs, opportunities exist across the country, especially in areas with strong healthcare systems.
What They Do
Sales representatives educate healthcare professionals about new medications, therapies, or medical products. They schedule meetings with physicians and staff, provide product samples and information, and answer questions about proper use and benefits. Success in this role requires strong communication skills, knowledge of biology and medicine, and the ability to build relationships. Sales representatives also track sales data and may help organize educational events or product demonstrations.
Salary
Average salaries for pharmaceutical or medical sales representatives range widely, from $65,000 to over $100,000 per year, depending on experience, employer, and commission-based incentives. Entry-level representatives often start in the lower range, while experienced reps in high-demand regions or specialized product lines may earn well above the average through bonuses and commissions.
Forensic Science Technician
Forensic Science Technician
Where They Work
Forensic science technicians work in crime laboratories, police departments, medical examiner offices, or government agencies at the local, state, or federal level. Some positions involve working at crime scenes, while others are primarily laboratory-based. Opportunities are more common in larger cities with dedicated crime labs, though smaller communities may also employ technicians in regional facilities.
What They Do
Forensic science technicians help investigate crimes by collecting, analyzing, and interpreting physical evidence. They may gather fingerprints, bodily fluids, or trace materials at crime scenes and then analyze them in a lab using advanced scientific techniques. They prepare reports, maintain detailed records, and may testify in court as expert witnesses. This career blends laboratory science with law enforcement and requires strong attention to detail.
Salary
The average salary for forensic science technicians ranges from $50,000 to $70,000 per year, depending on location, level of experience, and employer. Federal positions or specialized labs may pay more, while smaller jurisdictions may fall toward the lower end of the range.
Animal Care Specialist
Animal Care Specialist
Where They Work
Animal care specialists work in a variety of settings, including veterinary clinics, animal shelters, zoos, aquariums, research laboratories, and wildlife rehabilitation centers. Some also work for government agencies, nonprofit organizations, or private companies that provide pet care services. Opportunities exist nationwide, in both urban and rural areas.
What They Do
Animal care specialists are responsible for the health and well-being of animals under their supervision. They may feed, groom, and monitor animals, assist veterinarians with exams and procedures, clean enclosures, and record health information. Depending on the setting, they may also help with animal training, enrichment activities, or public education about animal care and conservation.
Salary
The average salary for an animal care specialist ranges from $30,000 to $45,000 per year, depending on the type of employer, location, and level of responsibility. Positions in zoos or research facilities may pay slightly more, while roles in animal shelters and smaller clinics may fall on the lower end of the range.
Careers that Require a Master's Degree
- Laboratory Manager
- Industry Project Manager
- College Biology Instructor
- Public Health Biologist
- Bioinformatics Specialist
- Genetic Counselor
- Science Policy Analyst
- Regulatory Affairs Specialist
- Biomedical Device Specialist
- Science / Medical Writer
Laboratory Manager
Laboratory Manager
Where They Work
Laboratory managers work in academic research labs, hospitals, biotech and pharmaceutical companies, or government facilities. They are typically based in laboratories but also spend time coordinating with administrators and suppliers.
What They Do
Laboratory managers oversee the daily operations of scientific laboratories. They supervise staff, maintain equipment, order supplies, enforce safety standards, and ensure that experiments run smoothly. Managers also help train new employees or students and are responsible for budgeting and scheduling.
Salary
Average salaries for laboratory managers range from $60,000 to $85,000 per year. Larger labs in hospitals or pharmaceutical companies may offer higher pay and additional benefits.
Industry Project Manager
Industry Project Manager
Where They Work
Industry project managers work in pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology firms, medical device companies, and other life science industries. They may also be employed by contract research organizations (CROs) or consulting firms that support scientific projects. These positions are most common in larger cities with strong biotech and healthcare sectors but can also be found in regional offices or remote roles.
What They Do
Industry project managers oversee complex projects that involve research, product development, or clinical trials. They coordinate teams of scientists, engineers, business staff, and regulatory specialists to keep projects on track. Their responsibilities include setting timelines, managing budgets, ensuring compliance with regulations, and communicating progress to stakeholders. A strong background in biology helps them bridge the gap between science and business.
Salary
The average salary for industry project managers ranges from $80,000 to $110,000 per year, depending on the employer, location, and size of the projects they manage. Senior project managers or those working on high-profile pharmaceutical or biotech projects may earn significantly more, especially with performance bonuses.
College Biology Instructor
College Biology Instructor
Where They Work
College biology instructors work in community colleges, technical schools, liberal arts colleges, and universities. Some positions are full-time with a primary focus on teaching, while others may include a mix of teaching and research. Opportunities exist in nearly every state, with community colleges and regional universities employing many instructors who hold a master’s degree in biology. Online programs and adult education centers also hire biology instructors to teach specialized or introductory courses.
What They Do
College biology instructors teach courses in subjects such as anatomy, physiology, ecology, genetics, and microbiology. They prepare lectures, design and lead laboratory sessions, grade assignments and exams, and advise students about their academic and career paths. Many instructors also help develop new curricula, lead student clubs or honor societies, and organize field trips or experiential learning opportunities. In teaching-focused positions, their primary responsibility is student learning and engagement, though some instructors may also participate in small-scale research or educational outreach.
Salary
Average salaries for college biology instructors range from $50,000 to $70,000 per year, depending on the type of institution, location, and teaching load. Instructors at community colleges often have heavier teaching responsibilities but stable positions, while instructors at universities may have opportunities for research and professional development.
Public Health Biologist
Public Health Biologist
Where They Work
Public health biologists work in government health departments, federal agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), hospitals, universities, nonprofit organizations, and international health programs. Many are based in large cities where research and public health infrastructure are concentrated, but opportunities also exist at the state and regional level. Some positions involve international work in areas experiencing outbreaks or ongoing health challenges.
What They Do
Public health biologists study the relationships between human health and environmental, biological, or social factors. They may investigate outbreaks of infectious disease, analyze data on chronic illnesses, monitor water and food safety, or assess environmental health risks such as pollution and toxins. Their work often involves both laboratory testing and field investigations, as well as developing strategies to prevent disease and improve community health. Public health biologists also collaborate with healthcare professionals, government officials, and community organizations to implement health policies and education programs.
Salary
The average salary for a public health biologist ranges from $55,000 to $75,000 per year. Salaries are typically higher for those working in federal agencies or international organizations, while state and local positions may offer slightly less but provide meaningful opportunities to impact community health directly.
Bioinformatics Specialist
Bioinformatics Specialist
Where They Work
Bioinformatics specialists work in research universities, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology firms, and government agencies. Many positions are based in large cities with strong biomedical and technology sectors, though opportunities also exist in agricultural companies, regional health systems, and specialized research institutes. Increasingly, some roles can be remote due to the computational nature of the work.
What They Do
Bioinformatics specialists use computer science, statistics, and biology to analyze complex biological data. They may design algorithms to interpret DNA and protein sequences, build databases for genomic information, or develop models to study disease mechanisms. Their work helps identify genetic causes of illnesses, discover potential drug targets, and advance personalized medicine. Bioinformatics specialists often collaborate closely with laboratory researchers, clinicians, and software engineers, acting as the bridge between biology and data science.
Salary
The average salary for a bioinformatics specialist ranges from $65,000 to $90,000 per year, depending on the employer, location, and level of expertise. Those working in biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies tend to earn at the higher end of the scale, while entry-level positions in academia may start lower but provide opportunities for career growth.
Genetic Counselor
Genetic Counselor
Where They Work
Genetic counselors are employed in hospitals, specialized clinics, research institutions, diagnostic laboratories, and private practices. They often work in departments of oncology, obstetrics, pediatrics, or neurology, where genetic testing and risk assessments are most relevant. Some also work in public health programs, government agencies, or biotechnology companies that develop genetic tests.
What They Do
Genetic counselors help individuals and families understand the role of genetics in health and disease. They interpret genetic test results, explain risks for inherited conditions, and guide patients in making informed medical and lifestyle decisions. Their work also includes providing emotional support, coordinating with physicians, and ensuring patients have access to appropriate resources. In addition to direct patient care, many genetic counselors contribute to research, develop educational materials, or work in laboratory settings designing and validating new tests.
Salary
The average salary for a genetic counselor ranges from $70,000 to $95,000 per year. Salaries are generally higher in major hospitals, research-intensive centers, or biotechnology companies, while smaller clinics and public health programs may offer slightly less but provide strong opportunities for community-focused work.
Science Policy Analyst
Science Policy Analyst
Where They Work
Science policy analysts are employed by government agencies, nonprofit organizations, universities, think tanks, and advocacy groups. Many roles are located in Washington, D.C., or state capitals where policy decisions are made, though opportunities also exist in regional offices, research institutions, and international organizations. Some analysts work directly for legislators or committees, while others support scientific societies or industry groups shaping policy in areas like healthcare, energy, or the environment.
What They Do
Science policy analysts evaluate scientific evidence and translate it into recommendations that inform laws, regulations, and funding priorities. They write policy briefs, prepare reports, track emerging scientific issues, and advise decision-makers on the potential impacts of policies. Analysts may focus on topics such as biotechnology, climate change, public health, or STEM education. Strong communication skills are essential, as they must explain complex science in terms that are accessible to policymakers and the public. Analysts often serve as a bridge between scientists, government leaders, and the communities affected by policy decisions.
Salary
The average salary for a science policy analyst ranges from $60,000 to $80,000 per year, depending on the level of government or organization, the analyst’s area of expertise, and years of experience. Senior analysts or those working in federal agencies may earn higher salaries, while nonprofit positions may offer slightly lower pay but more mission-driven work.
Regulatory Affairs Specialist
Regulatory Affairs Specialist
Where They Work
Regulatory affairs specialists work in pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology firms, medical device manufacturers, and contract research organizations (CROs). Some are employed by government agencies that regulate health products, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These positions are most common in regions with strong biotech and healthcare industries, but opportunities exist nationwide and often include remote or hybrid options.
What They Do
Regulatory affairs specialists ensure that products such as drugs, medical devices, or biologics comply with laws and regulations. They prepare and submit applications for product approvals, track changes in regulatory requirements, and serve as liaisons between companies and government agencies. Their work often involves reviewing scientific data, writing detailed reports, and coordinating with research, clinical, and legal teams. In addition, they help guide product development so that safety, quality, and compliance are considered from the earliest stages of research through final approval and marketing.
Salary
The average salary for a regulatory affairs specialist ranges from $65,000 to $90,000 per year, depending on the employer, location, and level of experience. Specialists working in large pharmaceutical or medical device companies often earn at the higher end of the scale, while entry-level roles or positions in smaller firms may start lower but provide opportunities for advancement.
Biomedical Device Specialist
Biomedical Device Specialist
Where They Work
Biomedical device specialists are employed by medical device companies, biotechnology firms, hospitals, research institutions, and government regulatory agencies. Many positions are located in cities with strong healthcare and technology sectors, but opportunities also exist in regional hospitals and device distribution companies. Some roles involve fieldwork, traveling to healthcare facilities to provide technical support and training.
What They Do
Biomedical device specialists focus on the development, testing, regulation, and use of medical technologies such as prosthetics, implants, diagnostic instruments, and monitoring equipment. They may work on product design, evaluate device safety and effectiveness, and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. In hospital or clinical settings, they train healthcare staff on proper device use and may troubleshoot technical issues. This career bridges biology, medicine, and engineering, requiring both technical expertise and strong communication skills.
Salary
The average salary for biomedical device specialists ranges from $65,000 to $90,000 per year. Specialists working in large medical technology companies or regulatory compliance roles often earn toward the higher end of the range, while those in hospital support roles may start lower but gain hands-on experience with patient care applications.
Science / Medical Writer
Science/Medical Writer
Where They Work
Science and medical writers work for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities, research institutions, government agencies, scientific journals, and nonprofit organizations. Many also work for media outlets or as freelancers producing content for healthcare organizations, publishing houses, or educational companies. Because much of the work is writing-based, many roles can be done remotely, though some are tied to major biomedical or publishing hubs.
What They Do
Science and medical writers translate complex scientific and medical information into clear, accurate, and accessible writing for a variety of audiences. They may create research summaries, journal articles, regulatory documents, grant proposals, or educational materials for patients and the public. Some focus on technical and regulatory writing for clinical trials and product approval processes, while others specialize in communicating science to broader audiences through news articles, blogs, or textbooks. This career requires excellent writing skills, strong scientific understanding, and the ability to adapt to different styles and audiences.
Salary
The average salary for science and medical writers ranges from $60,000 to $85,000 per year. Medical writers working in the pharmaceutical or biotech industries tend to earn at the higher end of this range, while freelance writers may earn more with experience and specialization but have less predictable income.
Careers that Require a Doctorate Degree
- Academic Scientist/Professor
- Lead Industry Scientist
- Medical Professional (M.D., D.D.S., D.N.P., D.P.M.)
- Clinical Laboratory Director
- Veterinarian
- Scientific Journal Editor
- Non-Profit Research Director
- Chief Scientific Officer
- Medical Science Liaison
- Biotechnology Executive/R&D Director
Academic Scientist/Professor
Academic Scientist/Professor
Where They Work
Academic scientists work at colleges, universities, and medical schools, where they lead independent research programs and teach students. Many are based in research-intensive institutions, though opportunities also exist at smaller universities and liberal arts colleges. Their work environment includes laboratories, classrooms, and offices, often supported by teams of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and research staff.
What They Do
Academic scientists design and carry out original research projects to answer fundamental questions in biology, medicine, or related fields. They apply for grant funding, publish their findings in scientific journals, and present at conferences. In addition to research, they teach undergraduate and graduate courses, mentor students, and train the next generation of scientists. Academic scientists also contribute to their institutions through service on committees and to the broader scientific community by reviewing manuscripts and grants. For many, this career blends scientific discovery with teaching and leadership.
Salary
The average salary for academic scientists ranges from $80,000 to $120,000 per year, depending on the institution, faculty rank (Assistant, Associate, or Full Professor), location, and field of study. Faculty at medical schools or major research universities may earn more, especially if they secure significant grant funding, while those at smaller colleges often earn less but have a stronger teaching focus.
Lead Industry Scientist
Lead Industry Scientist
Where They Work
Lead industry scientists work in pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology firms, agricultural science corporations, and medical device companies. They may also be employed by contract research organizations (CROs) that partner with multiple companies on product development. These roles are most common in large biotech hubs, but opportunities exist nationwide and increasingly include hybrid or global collaborations.
What They Do
Lead industry scientists oversee research and development projects aimed at creating new products, technologies, or therapies. They guide teams of researchers, set scientific priorities, and ensure that experiments align with business and regulatory goals. Their responsibilities include designing experiments, interpreting results, managing budgets and timelines, and coordinating with departments such as regulatory affairs, marketing, and manufacturing. Lead industry scientists also evaluate emerging technologies, collaborate with academic and government partners, and contribute to strategic decisions about which projects should move forward.
Salary
The average salary for lead industry scientists ranges from $110,000 to $150,000 per year, depending on the company, location, and area of expertise. Senior scientists in large pharmaceutical or biotechnology firms may earn significantly more, especially when performance bonuses or stock options are included.
Medical Professional (M.D., D.D.S., D.N.P., D.P.M.)
Medical Professional (M.D., D.D.S., D.N.P, D.P.M.)
Where They Work
Medical professionals work in hospitals, clinics, private practices, academic medical centers, and specialized healthcare facilities. Physicians (M.D.) and nurse practitioners (D.N.P.) often practice in medical or surgical specialties, while dentists (D.D.S.) work in dental offices, and podiatrists (D.P.M.) focus on foot and ankle care in clinics or surgical centers. Many also work in academic or research settings, training future healthcare providers or contributing to medical innovation.
What They Do
Medical professionals diagnose, treat, and manage patient health conditions. Physicians may provide primary care or specialize in areas such as cardiology, pediatrics, or oncology. Dentists prevent and treat oral health issues, while podiatrists focus on foot and ankle health. Nurse practitioners combine advanced nursing care with diagnostic and prescribing authority. Across these fields, professionals evaluate patients, develop treatment plans, perform procedures or surgeries, and collaborate with other healthcare providers. Many also engage in preventive medicine, patient education, and community health outreach.
Salary
Salaries vary widely depending on specialty, location, and practice setting. On average, physicians earn between $180,000 and $250,000 per year, dentists between $150,000 and $200,000, nurse practitioners between $120,000 and $160,000, and podiatrists between $120,000 and $180,000. Specialists and those in private practice often earn more, while those in academic or public health roles may earn less but benefit from stable hours and additional teaching or research opportunities.
Clinical Laboratory Director
Clinical Laboratory Director
Where They Work
Clinical laboratory directors work in hospitals, academic medical centers, diagnostic laboratories, public health agencies, and biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. They are typically based in laboratory environments but frequently interact with physicians, administrators, and regulatory officials. Many are located in large urban centers where major hospitals and reference labs operate, though regional hospitals and public health labs also employ directors.
What They Do
Clinical laboratory directors oversee the operation of clinical testing laboratories that analyze patient samples for diagnosis and treatment. They are responsible for ensuring that tests are accurate, reliable, and compliant with regulatory standards such as CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments). Their work includes supervising laboratory staff, validating new diagnostic tests, implementing quality control procedures, and ensuring that equipment and facilities are properly maintained. They also consult with physicians to interpret test results and may contribute to research on developing new testing methods. This role requires both scientific expertise and strong leadership skills.
Salary
The average salary for clinical laboratory directors ranges from $110,000 to $150,000 per year, depending on the size of the laboratory, geographic location, and type of institution. Directors in large hospitals or private diagnostic companies may earn significantly more, particularly if they oversee high-volume or specialized testing facilities.
Veterinarian
Veterinarian
Where They Work
Veterinarians work in private clinics, animal hospitals, research institutions, zoos, wildlife rehabilitation centers, and government agencies. Many focus on companion animal care, while others specialize in livestock, equine medicine, or exotic and zoo animals. Some veterinarians work in public health, regulatory agencies, or the military, ensuring food safety and preventing the spread of diseases between animals and humans.
What They Do
Veterinarians diagnose and treat injuries, illnesses, and diseases in animals. They perform surgeries, prescribe medications, administer vaccinations, and provide preventive care. Many also educate pet owners and farmers about proper animal care and nutrition. In specialized roles, veterinarians may conduct research on animal health and disease, contribute to wildlife conservation, or oversee animal welfare in laboratory and agricultural settings. Their work is essential for both animal health and public health, particularly in managing zoonotic diseases.
Salary
The average salary for veterinarians ranges from $100,000 to $130,000 per year. Companion animal veterinarians in private practice often earn toward the middle of this range, while specialists (such as in surgery or oncology) and veterinarians working in government or research may earn more. Salaries can vary significantly based on geographic location, type of practice, and level of specialization.
Scientific Journal Editor
Scientific Journal Editor
Where They Work
Scientific journal editors work for publishing companies, academic societies, universities, or nonprofit organizations that produce scholarly journals. Many are based in large cities with strong publishing industries or academic hubs, but opportunities for remote work are increasingly common. Editors may manage general science journals or highly specialized publications in fields like molecular biology, neuroscience, or environmental science.
What They Do
Scientific journal editors oversee the process of publishing peer-reviewed research articles. They review manuscript submissions, select peer reviewers, and make editorial decisions about acceptance or revision. Editors also ensure that published work meets scientific, ethical, and stylistic standards. Beyond managing submissions, they may write editorials, organize special issues, and keep the journal aligned with emerging trends in the field. Editors interact regularly with scientists, reviewers, and publishing staff, requiring strong communication, critical thinking, and time management skills.
Salary
The average salary for scientific journal editors ranges from $70,000 to $100,000 per year, depending on the publisher, the scope of the journal, and the editor’s level of responsibility. Senior editors or those managing large, high-impact journals may earn more, while associate editors may start lower but gain valuable publishing experience.
Non-Profit Research Director
Non-Profit Research Director
Where They Work
Non-profit research directors work for disease-focused foundations, environmental organizations, scientific societies, and other mission-driven nonprofits. They may be based in offices that coordinate national or international research initiatives, or embedded within academic medical centers and research institutes that partner with nonprofits. Many positions are located in major cities or near universities, though opportunities exist across the country and increasingly in hybrid or remote settings.
What They Do
Non-profit research directors guide the scientific mission of their organization. They oversee grant programs, set research priorities, and evaluate proposals to ensure that funding advances the organization’s goals. They often collaborate with scientists, clinicians, policymakers, and community stakeholders to connect research with real-world impact. In addition, they may manage budgets, organize conferences or workshops, and communicate findings to donors and the public. This role blends scientific expertise with leadership, strategy, and advocacy.
Salary
The average salary for non-profit research directors ranges from $85,000 to $120,000 per year, depending on the size of the organization, funding resources, and geographic location. Leaders in large national foundations or global health nonprofits may earn significantly more, while smaller community-based organizations may pay less but offer highly mission-driven work.
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Chief Scientific Officer
Chief Scientific Officer
Where They Work
Chief Scientific Officers work in biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, medical device firms, research-based startups, and occasionally in large nonprofit or government-affiliated research organizations. These positions are typically located in major biotech hubs or large metropolitan areas, though smaller companies and global organizations may also offer CSO roles.
What They Do
A CSO is the top scientific leader of an organization, responsible for setting the overall research strategy and vision. They guide product development, oversee large research and development teams, and ensure that projects align with both scientific goals and business objectives. CSOs evaluate emerging technologies, forge collaborations with universities and government agencies, and play a critical role in securing funding and partnerships. They also communicate research progress to executives, investors, and regulatory agencies, requiring strong leadership, vision, and the ability to bridge science with strategy.
Salary
The average salary for Chief Scientific Officers typically ranges from $150,000 to over $200,000 per year, depending on the size of the company, industry sector, and location. In large pharmaceutical or biotech firms, CSOs may earn significantly more through performance bonuses, stock options, or profit-sharing.
Medical Science Liaison
Medical Science Liaison
Where They Work
Medical science liaisons work for pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology firms, and medical device manufacturers. They are typically field-based, traveling to academic medical centers, hospitals, and clinics to connect with healthcare providers. MSLs often cover a specific geographic territory but may also work nationally or globally, depending on the company’s reach.
What They Do
Medical science liaisons serve as scientific experts who bridge the gap between industry and healthcare professionals. They share up-to-date clinical and scientific information about new therapies, respond to medical questions, and gather insights from physicians and researchers about unmet needs in patient care. Unlike sales representatives, MSLs focus on education and scientific exchange, helping to ensure that products are used safely and effectively. They may also support clinical trials by identifying research sites or working with investigators. Strong communication skills and deep expertise in biology or medicine are critical for this role.
Salary
The average salary for medical science liaisons ranges from $110,000 to $150,000 per year, with higher earnings possible in specialized therapeutic areas or larger pharmaceutical companies. Many MSLs also receive performance bonuses and benefits that reflect the senior, field-based nature of the role.
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Biotechnology Executive/R&D Director
Biotechnology Executive/R&D Director
Where They Work
Biotechnology executives and R&D directors work in pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology firms, medical device companies, and contract research organizations (CROs). They are typically based in corporate headquarters or large research facilities, often in major biotech hubs such as Boston, San Francisco, or other regions with strong life sciences industries. Some may also work in international companies or startups, where they play a pivotal role in guiding scientific and business growth.
What They Do
R&D directors and biotech executives set the research agenda for their organizations, leading teams of scientists, engineers, and business staff to develop new products and technologies. They oversee multiple projects, manage budgets, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. Their responsibilities include evaluating emerging scientific opportunities, guiding long-term strategy, and making critical decisions about which products move forward in the development pipeline. They also collaborate with other executives, investors, and external partners to secure funding, form strategic alliances, and position the company for growth. This role requires a strong scientific background paired with leadership, management, and business acumen.
Salary
The average salary for biotechnology executives and R&D directors ranges from $120,000 to $160,000 per year, though those at large pharmaceutical companies or in senior leadership roles can earn significantly more. Compensation packages often include bonuses, stock options, or profit-sharing incentives, reflecting the high level of responsibility in this career.
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